音乐术语表 Glossary of musical terms

重音音乐声音开始时的强调或“打孔”。

Adagio（意大利语）表示速度较慢或速度较慢。有时它是莫扎特的《小提琴和管弦乐队的阿达吉奥》之类的作品的名称。

Andante  （意大利语），意指步调或步伐；中等速度。

酒吧/测量那些措施内举办，而且包含了两个实线称为条线中的乐音的具体数量。请参阅“ 音乐基础知识：音符和节奏”，第1课：音符值，持续时间和拍号

在小节或小节中的节拍/脉冲规则模式。请参阅“ 音乐基础知识：音符和节奏”，第1课：音符值，持续时间和拍号

Cadenza（意大利语）为协奏曲中的独奏者扩展的独奏（独奏）。在一个或一组乐器的管弦乐作品中，cadenza也可以是独奏。参见路德维希·范·贝多芬：《第五交响曲》，杰拉德·施瓦茨的分析（第一部分），第一乐章

合唱团最初是指德国新教徒的赞美诗曲调。在成分上，它通常是指用于声音或乐器（如巴赫合唱）的合唱成分。“合唱”一词有时也用作合唱团或合唱团的名称。

和弦当同时响起两个或多个音符或音高时，会创建一个和弦。

协奏曲一种为一个表演者或一组表演者伴奏的作品。

Crescendo（意大利语）意思是增长，如声音膨胀或变大。

Decrescendo / Diminuendo（意大利语）变得更柔和；渐强的反面。

Dolce  （意大利语）意味着甜蜜或精致地演奏。

下拍合奏团长在小节中进行的第一拍称为下拍。参见路德维希·范·贝多芬：《第五交响曲》，杰拉德·施瓦茨的指挥课（第一乐章）

合奏1）一群音乐家在一起演奏，就像乐队或弦乐四重奏； 2）作为一个整体演奏或一起表演的实际行为。

歌舞表演一种用作广播的音乐作品，通常由乐团的铜管乐队或诸如小号的单个乐器演奏者演奏。

费马塔（Fermata）一个符号，告诉演奏者他/她想要的时间要长，但肯定长于书面音符的值。参见路德维希·范·贝多芬：《第五交响曲》，杰拉德·施瓦茨的指挥课（第一乐章）

平坦将平坦符号♭添加到音符后，它会降低音符半步。例如，如果我们有音符D并向其添加一个平面，则该音符现在变为D平面或D♭。

形式音乐作品的形状或组织。

复地  （意大利语）大声或强壮。

Fortissimo  （意大利语）比强悍大。

半音阶半音阶的音程（如EF或BC），等于八度的1⁄12。

和谐的间距的同时组合，尤其是当混入到被悦耳的和弦。

乐器当分配给管弦乐队时，这也可以称为编排。这是作曲家或编曲者获取音乐声音并将其分配给特定乐器的方式。

密钥基于特定补品节距的A组，和包含标度，认为形成了一块或音乐的部分的音调基础。

Larghetto  （意大利语）通常比largo快一点。

Largo  （意大利语）含义广泛，广泛。在音乐中，节奏标记的意思是演奏要相当慢。

大调这是指特定的和弦或琴键。 答：当提及和弦时，该和弦具有三个音乐音调，其中第一和第二音高之间的间隔为四个半步，第二和第三音高之间的距离为三个半步。半步是传统西方古典音乐中的最小间隔（空间或距离）。它是钢琴上任何键到最接近的相邻键（白色或黑色）的距离。

B.当大调指的是琴键时，即构成作品或机芯的中央调，通常会使用与乐曲的中央或“目的地”和弦相同的音调和弦。例如，舒曼第三交响曲是E-flat大调的键，而第一乐章和最后一个乐章是E-flat大调的开始和结束。当然，在这五个机芯的整个工作过程中，都使用了许多琴键和弦，但最突出的是E-flat。

量度音乐中时间的量度，其中包含由拍号定义的特定数量的脉冲，并且包含在条形线中。

旋律可识别的一系列音乐声音。

次要这是指特定的和弦或琴键。答：当提及和弦时，和弦将具有三个不同的音高。从第一个音高到第二个音高或音符有三个半步，第二个音高和第三个音高之间的距离有四个半步。

B.小调指的是琴键，它是构成作品或机芯的中央音调，通常会使用与中央和弦相同的音调和弦。例如，贝多芬第五交响曲的第一乐章是小调。最突出的和弦是小调和弦，而中央音高是C。当然，整个机芯都使用许多琴键和和弦。

Molto vivace  （意大利语）非常生动，或以非常快的速度。

主题音乐序曲的可识别序列，但比完整的旋律短。

运动交响曲或协奏曲中的一个大单元 它通常由许多主题或音乐构想组成。

注意表示声音或音高和持续时间的符号。请参阅“  音乐基础知识：音符和节奏”，第1课：音符值，持续时间和拍号

八度音程两个音符之间的间隔，较高的音符的音高是较低的音符的音高的两倍。在主要或次要尺度上，此间隔的距离相隔八步*，因此称为“八度”。（*在主要或次要级别中，八个步骤实际上是“整个步骤”和“半步骤”的组合）

Opus（拉丁文）含义作品。作品编号通常由作曲家分配。通常，作品编号是按组成顺序分配的，但有时编号是按发布顺序分配的。

Pianissimo（意大利语）比钢琴软。

钢琴（意大利语）轻柔。

音高决定音高的音符的频率（在本文中，“频率”是指每秒以能量以声波形式出现的能量的完整振荡的数量）。

皮（意大利语）更多。例如，钢琴会更柔和。

分辨率一组和弦会产生谐波张力。当这种张力以平静的和弦或没有张力的和弦释放时，它被“解决”，因此被称为分辨率。

音阶相邻音高的有序连续排列，以整步和半步的顺序排列，例如，大音阶或小音阶。一个特定的音阶由其特征性的音程模式和最突出的音调（称为补品）定义。

Semper （意大利语）始终。例如，semper forte意味着总是很大声。

Semper piu  （意大利语）总是更多。

Sforzando（意大利语）强烈，通常带有重音。

尖锐当在音符中添加尖锐符号it时，音符将升高半步。例如，如果我们有音符G并向其添加一个尖音，则该音符现在变为G锐音或G♯。

独奏一位（音乐家）演奏者，或单独演奏。在管弦乐作品中，对于一个演奏者来说，这意味着重要的一线或重要部分，而对于一组演奏者或一部分演奏者，其独奏是相同的。

音阶（或“整音阶”）音高（例如C–D或C–B♭）之间的音乐间隔，包括两个半音阶。

交响乐形式大型合奏作品的结构。

节奏（意大利语）音乐作品的速度。

主题音乐作品中任何特定时间最重要的旋律。作品中可以有一个主要主题，也可以有许多主题。

音调与乐曲相关的音乐的所有音调和和声的组织。

补品的间距是一个主要或次要尺度的第一程度和在一个特定的键组成的片的音调中心。

乐观之前，在一个酒吧的第一拍给出的准备的迹象。参见路德维希·范·贝多芬：《第五交响曲》，杰拉德·施瓦茨的指挥课（第一乐章）

AccentAn emphasis or “punch” at the beginning of a musical sound.

Adagio (Italian)Meaning a slow tempo or slow speed. Sometimes it is the name of a work like Mozart's Adagio for Violin and Orchestra.

Andante (Italian)Meaning a walking tempo or walking pace; a moderate speed.

Bar/MeasureA specific number of musical sounds that are organized within a measure, and that are contained within two solid lines called bar lines. Please see Music Basics: Notes and Rhythm, Lesson 1: Note Values, Duration, and Time Signatures

Beat/PulseRegular pattern within a bar or measure. Please see Music Basics: Notes and Rhythm, Lesson 1: Note Values, Duration, and Time Signatures

Cadenza (Italian)An extended solo (played alone) for the soloist in a concerto. A cadenza can also be a solo in an orchestral work for one or a group of instruments. See Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 5, Analysis by Gerard Schwarz (Part 1), First Movement

ChoraleOriginally refers to a German Protestant hymn tune. In composition, it typically means a choral composition for voices or instruments, such as a Bach chorale. The word “Chorale” is also sometimes used as the name of a choir or chorus.

ChordWhen two or more notes or pitches are sounded simultaneously a chord is created.

ConcertoA work for one performer or a group of performers with orchestral accompaniment.

Crescendo (Italian)Meaning growing, as in a swelling of sound, or becoming louder.

Decrescendo/Diminuendo (Italian)Getting softer; the opposite of crescendo.

Dolce (Italian)Meaning to be performed sweetly or delicately.

DownbeatThe first beat in a measure as conducted by the leader of an ensemble is called the downbeat. See Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 5, A Conducting Lesson by Gerard Schwarz (1st Movement)

Ensemble1) A group of musicians playing together like an orchestra or a string quartet; 2) The actual act of playing as a unit, or performing together.

FanfareA musical work used as an announcement, often played by the brass section of the orchestra or a single instrumentalist like a trumpet.

FermataA symbol that tells the performer to hold the note as long as s/he would like, but certainly longer than the written note value. See Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 5, A Conducting Lesson by Gerard Schwarz (1st Movement)

FlatWhen a flat symbol ♭ is added to a note it lowers the note by a half-step.  For example, if we have the note D and we add a flat to it the note now becomes D-flat or D♭.

FormThe shape or organization of a musical composition.

Forte (Italian)Loud or strong.

Fortissimo (Italian)Louder than forte.

Half-stepA musical interval (as E-F or B-C) equivalent to 1⁄12 of an octave.

HarmonyThe simultaneous combination of pitches, especially when blended into chords that are pleasing to the ear.

InstrumentationThis can also be called orchestration when assigned to an orchestra. It is the way a composer or arranger takes musical sounds and assigns them to specific instruments.

KeyA group of pitches based on a particular tonic, and comprising a scale, regarded as forming the tonal basis of a piece or section of music.

Larghetto (Italian)Usually slightly faster than largo.

Largo (Italian)Meaning wide, broad. In music a tempo marking meaning to be performed quite slowly.

MajorThis refers to a specific chord or key. A. When it refers to a chord, then the chord has three musical pitches with the space between the first and second pitches being four half steps, and the distance between the second and third pitches being three half steps. A half step is the smallest interval (space or distance) in traditional western classical music. It is the distance from any key on the piano to the closest adjoining key (white or black).

B. When major refers to a key, it is the central tonality upon which a work or movement is constructed, and will usually use the same tonic chord as the central or “destination” chord of the composition. For example, the Schumann Symphony No. 3 is in the key of E-flat major, and the first and last movements begin and end in the key of E-flat. Of course many keys and chords are used throughout this five movement work, but the most prominent one is E-flat.

MeasureA measurement of time in music that contains a specific number of pulses defined by a time signature, and that is contained within bar lines.

MelodyAn identifiable succession of musical sounds.

MinorThis refers to a specific chord or key.A. When it refers to a chord the chord will have three different pitches. From the first to the second pitch or note there are  three half steps, and the distance between the second and third pitch there are four half steps.

B. When minor refers to a key, it is the central tonality upon which a work or movement is constructed, and will usually use the same tonic chord as the central chord. For example, the first movement of Beethoven's 5th Symphony is in c minor. The most prominent chord is a c minor chord and the central pitch is a C. Of course many keys and chords are used throughout the movement.

Molto vivace (Italian)Very lively, or at a very quick speed.

MotifAn identifiable succession of musical sounds, but shorter than a complete melody.

MovementA large unit within a symphony or concerto. It usually is comprised of many themes or musical ideas.

NotesSymbols to represent sounds or pitches and duration of those sounds.  Please see Music Basics: Notes and Rhythm, Lesson 1: Note Values, Duration, and Time Signatures

OctaveThe interval between two musical notes, the upper one of which has twice the pitch of the lower one. In a major or minor scale, the distance of this interval lies eight steps* away, hence the term “octave.”  (*in the major or minor scales, the eight steps are actually a combination of “whole steps” and “half-steps”)

Opus (Latin)Meaning work. Work numbers are usually assigned by the composer. Often the opus numbers are assigned in order of composition, but at times the numbers are assigned by order of publication.

Pianissimo (Italian)Softer than piano.

Piano (Italian)Gently, soft.

PitchThe frequency of a note determining how high or low it sounds (“frequency” in this context is the number of complete oscillations per second of energy as sound in the form of sound-waves).

Piu (Italian)More. For example, piu piano would mean more softly.

ResolutionA group of chords can create harmonic tension. When this tension is released with a calm chord, or a chord without tension, it is “resolved” and is thus called a resolution.

ScaleAn ordered succession of adjacent pitches, arranged in a sequence of whole steps and half steps, for example the major or minor scales. A specific scale is defined by its characteristic interval pattern and by its most prominent pitch, known as its tonic.

Sempre (Italian)Always. For example, sempre forte would mean always loud.

Sempre piu (Italian)Always more.

Sforzando(Italian)Forceful, usually accented.

SharpWhen a sharp symbol ♯ is added to a note it raises the note by a half-step. For example, if we have the note G and we add a sharp to it the note now becomes G-sharp, or G♯.

SoloFor one player (musician), or to be played alone. In an orchestral work it has come to mean the important line or part for one player, while soli would be the same for a group or section of players.

Step (or “whole step”)A musical interval between pitches (such as C–D or C–B♭) comprising two half steps.

Symphonic formThe structure of a work for large ensemble.

Tempo (Italian)The rate of speed of a musical work.

ThemeThe most important melody at any specific time in a musical work. There can be one main theme in a work, or many themes.

TonalityThe organization of all the tones and harmonies of a piece of music in relation to a tonic.

TonicA pitch that is the first degree of a major or minor scale and the tonal center of a piece composed in a particular key.

UpbeatThe preparatory sign given prior to the first beat in a bar. See Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 5, A Conducting Lesson by Gerard Schwarz (1st Movement)